Coning of wheels, railway,tilting of rail,roaring of rail

CONING OF WHEEL

Coning of wheels is the art of providing an inward slope of 1 in 20 to the wheel threads of rolling stock. The flange of the wheel are prevented from rubbing the running age of the rail by keeping the distance between the inner edge of the flange less than the gauge. if the thread of the wheel are kept flat there will be lateral movement of the wheel axle and wheels will damage the inside age of the rail. To prevent this lateral movement the thread of the wheel are given a slope of 1 in 20 which is known as coning of wheels.

Advantages of coning of wheel

1. To prevent the lateral movement of the wheel axle

2. To reduce the wear and tear of the wheel flange and the rail.

3. To prevent the sleeping of the wheels to some extent

tilting of rail

tilting of rail is art of placing the rail of a track at a inward slope of 1 in 20. If if the rail of a track are placed in a vertical position it will not come in full contact with the wheel tread of a train due to the coning of the wheel. Due to these pressure and outward rail is more than the inner rail and this result in wear of the rails. Hence to make full contact of the top surface of the rail with thread of the wheel and thereby reducing the weat of the rail , the rail are placed at a slope of 1 in 20 which is known as tilting of rail

Advantages of tilting of rail

1.it helps in equaly distributing the wheel load on both the rail of a track and thereby reducing the wear of rail

2. it helps in maintaining the proper gauge of track

3. The life of rail and sleeper is increased due to tilting of rail

ROARING OF RAIL

Roaring of rail is the unpleasant soun

d produced by the railway in the rail when the train passes over it. This unpleasant sound is produced due to the corrugation of the head of rail. the corrugation consists of minute dispersion on the surface of rail they are usually created by places where brakes are applied and train starts,the rails which produce roaring noise are called roaring rails.

Comments

point and crossing railway

Point and crossing points and crossing are special arrangement on the track to facilitate smote diversion of train from One track to another. Important terms in points and crossing main track: track from which are trains to be diverted is called main track. Branch track : track to which a train is diverted is called branch track. Tongue rail: the tappered movable rail which is attached at or near one end to a running rail is called tongue rail. Stock rail: stock rail is a running rail to which our tongue rail is attached. Switch: which is a pair of tongue rail with necessary connection. Points: a pair of tongue rail and stock rail with necessary connection form points. Heel of switch: heel of switch is untampered end of switch rail which is fixed to the lead rail. Toe of switch : toe of switch is the thin tapering end of the tongue rail. Heel of divergence :heel of divergence is a distance between the running face of the stock rail and that of the tongue rail measured at the heel

different type of rail

1.bull headed rail : the rail section whose head dimension are more than that of foot are called bull headed rail. 2.flat footed rail: the rail section having their foot flat. 3.double headed rails: rail section whose head and foot are of the same size.

Working stress method

Assumption in theory of simple bending of RCC structure(working stress method) 1. A section which is plane before bending remains plane after bending. 2. The concrete and steel reinforcement are perfectly bonded . 3. All tensile stress are taken up by steel and non by concrete. 4.the stress strain relation of Steel and concrete under working load is a straight line. 5. The modulli of elasticty of Steel and concrete are constant. 6. The modular ratio has the value ,where. Is the permissible compressive strength of concrete in bending in Newton per mm square. 7. There are no initial stress in steel and concrete. CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMED OR EQUIVALENT SECTION ANALYSIS OF SINGLE REINFORCED BEAM A SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTION IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.3 (a). To analyse this section it is necessary to convert it into a transformed or equivalent section of concrete.

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