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point and crossing railway

Point and crossing points and crossing are special arrangement on the track to facilitate smote diversion of train from One track to another. Important terms in points and crossing main track: track from which are trains to be diverted is called main track. Branch track : track to which a train is diverted is called branch track. Tongue rail: the tappered movable rail which is attached at or near one end to a running rail is called tongue rail. Stock rail: stock rail is a running rail to which our tongue rail is attached. Switch: which is a pair of tongue rail with necessary connection. Points: a pair of tongue rail and stock rail with necessary connection form points. Heel of switch: heel of switch is untampered end of switch rail which is fixed to the lead rail. Toe of switch : toe of switch is the thin tapering end of the tongue rail. Heel of divergence :heel of divergence is a distance between the running face of the stock rail and that of the tongue rail measured at the heel

different type of rail

1.bull headed rail : the rail section whose head dimension are more than that of foot are called bull headed rail. 2.flat footed rail: the rail section having their foot flat. 3.double headed rails: rail section whose head and foot are of the same size.

Working stress method

Assumption in theory of simple bending of RCC structure(working stress method) 1. A section which is plane before bending remains plane after bending. 2. The concrete and steel reinforcement are perfectly bonded . 3. All tensile stress are taken up by steel and non by concrete. 4.the stress strain relation of Steel and concrete under working load is a straight line. 5. The modulli of elasticty of Steel and concrete are constant. 6. The modular ratio has the value ,where. Is the permissible compressive strength of concrete in bending in Newton per mm square. 7. There are no initial stress in steel and concrete. CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMED OR EQUIVALENT SECTION ANALYSIS OF SINGLE REINFORCED BEAM A SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTION IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.3 (a). To analyse this section it is necessary to convert it into a transformed or equivalent section of concrete.

Civil engineering knowledge

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